One of the greatest examples of royal palace architecture from the Baroque era, designed by at least three of the greatest architects in France. The Palace of Versailles built c. The gigantic scale of Versailles exemplifies the architectural theme of 'creation by division' - a series of simple repetitions rhythmically marked off by the repetition of the large windows - which expresses the fundamental values of Baroque art and in which the focal point of the interior, as well as of the entire building, is the king's bed.
Among its celebrated architectural designs is the Hall of Mirrors Galerie des Glaces , which is one of the most famous rooms in the world. Located some 20 kilometres southwest of Paris, and set amidst extensive grounds, the palace and its decoration stimulated a mini-renaissance of interior design , as well as decorative art , during the 17th and 18th centuries.
From to the beginning of the French Revolution in , the Palace of Versailles housed the King and the entire French royal court, a total of some 3, residents, making it a symbol of the absolutism and decadence of the Ancien Regime in general, and the French monarchy in particular. The royal chateau itself is not the only building complex in the grounds, which also include five chapels, plus the Grand Trianon , the Pavilion Francais , and the Petit Trianon as well as hectares of gardens, landscaped in the classic French Garden style.
In - following in the footsteps of Francis I reigned who converted a medieval hunting lodge into a magnificent chateau, establishing the Fontainebleau School in the process - King Louis XIII reigned ordered the building of a hunting lodge on land near the village of Versailles.
This took the form of a small structure, designed by Philibert Le Roy, made of stone and red brick. In , the first enlargements were made, however, it wasn't until the reign of Louis XIV that the lodge was transformed into one of the largest palaces in the world.
To begin with c. It was given a flat roof and two new wings, containing apartments for the king and queen, and was known as Marble Court. This expansion was designed to give effect to Louis XIV's decision to rehouse the entire royal court at Versailles which duly occurred in , in order to exercise greater control over his nobles, and distance the government from the Paris mob. By centralizing all government offices at the Palace, and by obliging his nobles to spend a set amount of time there, his aim was to create an all-powerful, absolute monarchy.
Architecture Highlights. A court of 3, residents, including the king and queen, members of the royal family, government ministers, aristocrats, diplomats, civil servants and the like, required a suitably grand building, and no expense was spared. Indeed, the new complex became the apogee of palace architecture. Surrounded by hectares of immaculate gardens, with beautiful vistas, fountains and statues, the palace contained several symmetrical suites of apartments for the public and private use of the king and queen, as well as numerous other architectural highlights.
These included The Hall of Mirrors - the central gallery of the Palace - which comprised 17 mirror-clad arches reflecting the 17 windows. A total of mirrors were used in its decoration. The ornamentations - the canvases along the ceiling that celebrate the apotheosis of the king, the polychrome marbles, the gilt bronzes -were organized by Le Brun, and in this undertaking he can be said to have reached the peak of the expressive possibilities of French Baroque art.
Another famous room is the Royal Opera of Versailles, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel , which can seat up to guests. It was one of the earliest expressions of the Louis XVI style. The rooms were decorated with mural painting , much of it by Le Brun, who was strongly influenced by the Italian tradition of architectural Baroque painting , as exemplified by the quadratura illusionism of Pietro da Cortona at the Pitti Palace in Florence.
Additional building works as well as alterations to the gardens, were instigated by both Louis XV and Louis XVI, but no major changes took place. Interior Design and Decoration. The Palace of Versailles's interior designwork and decoration was legendary in its range, quality and expense. It featured the finest furniture and furnishings, beautiful ceramic art including Sevres porcelain, as well as tapestry art and small-scale bronze sculpture.
The initial salons and the Hall of Mirrors even contained lavish displays of silver table pieces, gueridons and other furniture, though these were later melted down to finance further military campaigns.
Not surprisingly, Louis XIV's astronomical expenditure stimulated a huge expansion of French crafts and specialist applied art , led directly to the emergence of Rococo art dominated by France , and created an impetus in French painting and sculpture that paved the way for Paris to become the arts capital of the world. The royal palace's close relationship to its park was of fundamental importance, for the park, exactly like the palace itself, was made to serve the ceremonial and celebratory requirements of the king.
Designed for the amusements of the court, the park constitutes the natural and ideal backdrop for endless festivities based on the close relationship - typical of the baroque - between celebration and architecture, between the ephemeral and the permanent. From the original concept, the palace was seen as the centre of an urbanistic system and a reworking of the landscape. Such were the aesthetics and the goal of Andre Le Notre, inventor of the 'French' garden, who began work at Versailles in Although it maintains the symmetry of Italian tradition, the park of Versailles has a network of axial pathways leading off to the horizon.
These paths are cadenced by rond-points, pavilions, arboreal architecture, wider areas that suddenly appear ahead, stairways, terraces, ponds, and monumental fountains that expand the visual perception of space and add a sense of wonder. Versailles was not created merely to serve as a refuge and place of amusement: its innovative organization of space was also meant to be symbolic of the new order of the state.
The park's arrangement and its iconographic themes interpret the symbolic meaning of royal order in the world. The Palace of Versailles continued to influence lateth century architecture and beyond, although first it had to survive the iconoclasm of the French Revolution. The Age of Versailles. In all the arts, the age of Louis XIV was marked by brilliance and splendour.
Art was organized by the State for the purpose of increasing the glory of France through the figure of Louis, the Sun King, and the decoration of his private and public buildings. Although such close control of art often results in staleness, official French art of the second half of the seventeenth century is characterized by supreme grandeur and self-confidence.
Name two countries were the architectural styles of Borromini and Guarini particularly influential? Austria b. Southern Germany Paul FIG.
Theresa FIG. Injected naturalism into both religious and classical subjects with unidealized figures. Sharply, dramatically lit figures emerging from a dark background. Invites the viewer to participate in the scene. What was Caravaggio attempting to present in his religious pictures? What pictorial devices did he use to achieve his goal? Action taking place in the foreground; low horizon line; dramatic light.
What is tenebroso? List two countries where it was particularly inflential: a. Which artists most influenced the style of Artemesia Gentileschi? Caravaggio and her father, Orazio Gentileschi. Who were Judith and Holophernes? Characters from the Apocryphal Book of Judith; Holofernes was an Assyrian general who was seduced by Judith and then beheaded by her.
What techniques does Artemesia use to portray the drama of the theme? Tenebrism, spurting blood, the physical strain of the women struggling with the sword, and controlled highlights on the action in the foreground. List three assumptions that were basic to the teaching of art at the Bolognese academy.
Art can be taught. The teaching of art must include the classical and Renaissance traditions. The teaching must also include the study of anatomy and life drawing. Annibale Carracci. What were its roots? The landscape backgrounds of Venetian Renaissance paintings. How did Carracci modify the original to achieve heightened illusionism?
The chiaroscuro is not the same for both the paintings and the figures surrounding them. The painter modeled the figures inside the quadri in an even light.
What is quadro riportato and how was it used? Transferred frame painting, or simulation of easel painting for ceiling decoration. The framed pictures are flanked by polychrome figures who turn their heads to gaze at the scenes around them, and by Atlas figures painted to resemble marble statues.
Roman reliefs. Coins depicting emperors in triumphal chariots accompanied by flying Victories and other personifications. Divine Providence holds a crown of stars to bestow eternal life on the Barberini family. The laurel wreath, another symbol of immortality. List three devices he used to achieve that effect: a. Gilded architecture opens up in the center of the ceiling to offer viewers a glimpse of Heaven. Jesus is represented as a barely visible monogram in a blinding radiant light that floats heavenward.
What device did he use to merge heaven and earth? Name two Spanish rulers from the Hapsburg dynasty who were patrons of the arts: a. Phillip III b. Phillip IV What was the goal of many Spanish Baroque religious artists? To move viewers and to encourage greater devotion and piety. Name a theme that was particularly popular among them: Death and martyrdom scenes. Velazquez was court painter to King Phillip IV.
The Spanish victory over the Dutch in How many levels of reality can you find in the picture? Briefly describe them. Canvas, mirror image, optical image, and of the two painted images. What painting technique did Velazquez use in Las Meninas? The composition extends in depth both in front of through the mirror and the gazes of the figures and behind the painting through the open door.
Form and shadow are represented realistically. A great number of intermediate values of gray come between lights and darks, instead of putting them side by side as Caravaggio did. The northern provinces constitute the modern country of The Netherlands, while those in the south constitute the country of Belgium.
During the seventeenth century, this southern region was known as Flanders. List three features that contribute to the drama of the scene: a. Foreshortened anatomy and twisted figures. Christ is placed on the cross diagonally which cuts dynamically across the picture while inclining back into it. What member of the famous Florentine House of Medici commissioned Rubens to paint a cycle memorializing and glorifying her career and that of her late husband?
What did the followng allegorical figures symbolize? Monsters: Plague and famine. Woman with a broken lute: Harmony cannot coexist beside the discord of war. Architect fallen backwards: What is built in peace for the benefit and ornament of cities is laid in ruin and razed by the forces of arms. Book and paper at the feet of Mars: War tramples on literature and other refinements.
Sorrowing woman in black: Unhappy Europe. In what type of paintings did Van Dyck specialize? Court portraiture.
How could his style best be characterized? Courtly manner of great elegance, and dramatic compositions of great quality. In what type of subject matter did Clara Peeters specialize? Still lifes. Amsterdam had the highest per capita income in Europe and enjoyed widespread prosperity across a large proportion of society, expanding the range of art patronage.
Political power increasingly passed into the hands of an urban patrician class of merchants. Calvinism demanded a puritanical rejection of art in churches, and thus artists produced relatively little religious art in the Dutch Republic, although it was tolerated when artists created it. In what way was the work of Gerrit van Honthorst influenced by Caravaggio?
The thoughtful, reserved, and mournful mood. Poussin and Rubens were considered as the two poles in the Baroque debate between the forces of passion and reason. Which pole do you think each artist represented? What characteristics of each artist do you think would reflect those attitudes? Poussin: Reason, evenness and moderation, system of measure and form Rubens: passion, Elegance, contortions of violent action, strong modeling of light and dark. Study Guide Questions3.
Use of spacesSize of the figures in the foregroundColors used for light and darkComposition 4. What was Claude Lorrain's primary interest in landscape painting? His wanted to portray ideal classical world bathed in sunlight in innite space and also to recompose nature in a calm equilibrium. Study Guide Questions5. What 3 architects collaborated to design the east faade of the Louvre? Classical temple front. Who was the principal director for the building and decoration of the Palace of Versailles?
Francouis Blondel What was symbolized by the vast complex of Versailles? Rulers absolute rule over his domain. Study Guide Questions 7. What was its primary purpose role? Professionalize the artists working for the French court and give them a stamp of approval. Which is most Classical? The dimly illuminated interior. Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
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