For many decades genetic and biological causes of psychiatric disorders were dismissed without scientific investigation in favor of environmental parental and social influences. Today even the most extreme Freudian environmentalists would not deny the great influence of genetic and biological factors. The American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" the latest edition of which is the DSM-IV , the official standard for diagnosing psychological disorders in the USA, reflects the universal adoption of the neo-Kraepelinian scientific-biological approach to psychiatric disorders, with its emphasis on diagnostic precision and the search for biological and genetic etiologies - largely ignored during the earlier Freud-dominated decades of the twentieth century.
A paper by Lydiard H. Horton, read in at a joint meeting of the American Psychological Association and the New York Academy of Sciences, called Freud's dream theory "dangerously inaccurate" and noted that "rank confabulations But as to Freud's claims upon truth, the judgment of time seems to be running against him. What happens at each stage of childhood, according to Freud. Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development. Oedipus and Electra complexes, and more.
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A look at common defense mechanisms we employ to protect the ego. Test your knowledge of Sigmund Freud and Freudian psychology with this revision Test your knowledge of defense mechanisms in psychology with this revision quiz. How Freud used a boy's horse phobia to support his theories. More on Freudian Psychology. Psychology approaches, theories and studies explained. Learn More and Sign Up.
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Freud Introduction Introduction to Freud. The id is the unconscious seat of many human impulses, desires, and drives. The id is present from birth and involves the satisfaction of basic needs, including hunger, thirst, and libido. The super-ego is the component of the mind that makes moral decisions regardless of practical circumstances. The super-ego often reflects cultural rules, including those taught by parents, and involves ideas such as right and wrong, guilt, shame, and judgment.
The ego attempts to balance the conflicting desires of the id and super-ego. In doing so, the ego often engages in various defense mechanisms, including repression, rationalization, and projection to regulate the conflicting ideas and impulses of the id and super-ego.
In Freud's theory of sexual development, people possess sexual drives from infancy onwards. These drives progress through various stages, including oral, anal, and phallic stages. According to Freud, psychological disorder is often represented by regression to one of these earlier stages of development.
One of Freud's most famous theories about sexual development is the Oedipus complex. Named after the protagonist of Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex , who unknowingly murders his father and sleeps with his mother, the complex refers to the idea that children experience unconscious sexual desire toward the parent of the opposite sex. According to Freud, dreams are a form of thought that disguise and ameliorate the more disturbing aspects of the unconscious.
For this reason, dreams are often veiled in symbolism and imagery that is difficult to interpret on a literal level. While Freud characterizes dreams as a sort of wish fulfillment, the manifest content of the narrative of the dream often seems unrelated, while the latent content of unconscious desires is difficult to uncover.
During psychoanalytic sessions, dreams can often be discussed to analyze them for possible unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires. Freud widely popularized the practice of psychotherapy throughout the western world, including talk therapy in general, as well as psychoanalysis in particular. Freud's students, including Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Jacques Lacan, and many others continued to develop theories of psychoanalysis after his death, often diverging from Freud's legacy to create their own respective theories and disciplines.
While Freud was enormously influential in the fields of psychology and psychiatry, many of his ideas are contested by contemporary psychologists, who argue that scientific evidence does not always bear them out. In particular, Freud's ideas about women, homosexuality, repression, and sexual development are often called into question by psychologists and scientists who believe these ideas are not scientifically accurate. Freud also had a lasting influence in fields outside of psychology and science, including philosophy, literary criticism, and religious studies.
In particular, Freud had a significant impact on continental philosophy, with philosophers including Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Louis Althusser, and Jacques Derrida all having written on or been influenced by Freud.
Freud has also had a lasting effect on literary criticism, with Freudian interpretations offering a significant lens through which to analyze and interpret literary texts. Early in his career, Freud became greatly influenced by the work of his friend and Viennese colleague, Josef Breuer, who had discovered that when he encouraged a hysterical patient to talk uninhibitedly about the earliest occurrences of the symptoms, the symptoms sometimes gradually abated.
After much work together, Breuer ended the relationship, feeling that Freud placed too much emphasis on the sexual origins of a patient's neuroses and was completely unwilling to consider other viewpoints. Meanwhile, Freud continued to refine his own argument.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory, inspired by his colleague Josef Breuer, posited that neuroses had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences that had occurred in the patient's past.
He believed that the original occurrences had been forgotten and hidden from consciousness. His treatment was to empower his patients to recall the experience and bring it to consciousness, and in doing so, confront it both intellectually and emotionally.
He believed one could then discharge it and rid oneself of the neurotic symptoms. Charles Darwin 's understanding of humankind as a progressive element of the animal kingdom certainly informed Freud's investigation of human behavior. Additionally, the formulation of a new principle by scientist Hermann von Helmholtz, stating that energy in any given physical system is always constant, informed Freud's scientific inquiries into the human mind.
Freud's work has been both rapturously praised and hotly critiqued, but no one has influenced the science of psychology as intensely as Sigmund Freud. The great reverence that was later given to Freud's theories was not in evidence for some years.
Most of his contemporaries felt that his emphasis on sexuality was either scandalous or overplayed. In , he was invited to give a series of lectures in the United States; it was only after the ensuing publication of his book Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis that his fame grew exponentially. Freud has published a number of important works on psychoanalysis.
Some of the most influential include:.
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